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When you write a literature review or essay, you have to go beyond just summarizing the articles you’ve read – you need to synthesize the literature to show how it all fits together (and how your own research fits in).

In psychology, a lab report outlines a study's objectives, methods, results, discussion, and conclusions, ensuring clarity and adherence to APA formatting guidelines.

An APA abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of an article.

The APA reference page (also called the reference list) is the final page of your paper where all sources you cited in the main text are listed.

Revision guide for AQA Psychology AS and A-Level topics, including straightforward study notes and summaries of the relevant theories and studies, past papers, and mark schemes with example answers. Fully updated for the 2024/25 academic year.

Effect size is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect. The larger the effect size the stronger the relationship between two variables.

The p-value in statistics quantifies the evidence against a null hypothesis. A low p-value suggests data is inconsistent with the null, potentially favoring an alternative hypothesis. Common significance thresholds are 0.05 or 0.01.

A z-score, also known as a standard score, is a statistical measurement that indicates how many standard deviations a particular data point is away from a distribution's mean (average). It is a way to standardize and compare data points from different distributions.

Research methods in psychology are systematic procedures used to observe, describe, predict, and explain behavior and mental processes.

While reliability is a prerequisite for validity, it does not guarantee it.

In psychology, a perspective refers to a particular theoretical framework or approach that involves certain assumptions about human behavior.